Capillary ion chromatography

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for capillary ion chromatography comprising a suppressor comprising flow-through ion exchange packing in a housing and capillary tubing formed of a permselective ion exchange membrane, and at least partially disposed in said ion exchange packing. Also, a recycle conduit for aqueous liquid from the detector to the packing. Further, the capillary tubing may have weakly acidic or weakly basic functional groups. Also, a method for using the apparatus.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ion chromatography (IC) has become a widely used analytical techniquefor the determination of anionic and cationic analytes in various samplematrices since it was introduced in 1975. Ion chromatography today isperformed in a number of separation and detection modes. Ionchromatography with suppressed conductivity detection is the most widelypracticed form of the technique. In suppressed conductivity detection,an eluent suppression device, termed a suppressor, converts the eluentinto a weakly conducting form and enhances the conductance of targetanalytes. The original suppressors were columns packed with ion-exchangeresins in appropriate ionic forms. Those packed-bed suppressors had arelatively large dead volume and required off-line chemicalregeneration. To overcome this problem, suppressors based onion-exchange fibers and other membranes were developed. Thesesuppressors can be continuously regenerated using either acid or baseregenerant solutions.

One disadvantage associated with the original membrane suppressors wasthat an external source of either acid or base regenerant solutiontypically was used to generate the suppressor continuously. Over theyears, various designs of electrolytically-regenerated membranesuppressors as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,999,098, 5,248,426,5,352,360, and 6,325,976 have been developed to overcome the limitationsassociated with the chemically-regenerated membrane suppressors. Theelectrolytic suppressors offer several advantages in ion chromatography.They provide continuous and simultaneous suppression of eluents,regeneration of the suppression medium, and sufficient suppressioncapacity for common IC applications. They are easy to operate becausethe suppressed eluent or water can be used to create regenerant ionselectrolytically. Thus, there is no need to prepare regenerant solutionsoff-line. Also, the suppressors are compatible with gradientseparations. They have very low suppression zone volume, which makes itpossible to achieve separations with high chromatographic efficiency.

In ion chromatography, dilute solutions of acids, bases, or salts arecommonly used as chromatographic eluents. Traditionally, these eluentsare prepared off-line by dilution with reagent-grade chemicals. Off-linepreparation of chromatographic eluents can be tedious and prone tooperator errors, and often introduces contaminants. For example, diluteNaOH solutions, widely used as eluents in the ion chromatographicseparation of anions, are easily contaminated by carbonate. Thepreparation of carbonate-free NaOH eluents is difficult becausecarbonate can be introduced as an impurity from the reagents or byadsorption of carbon dioxide from air. The presence of carbonate in NaOHeluents can compromise the performance of an ion chromatographic method,and can cause an undesirable chromatographic baseline drift during thehydroxide gradient and even irreproducible retention times of targetanalytes. In recent years, several approaches that utilize theelectrolysis of water and charge-selective electromigration of ionsthrough ion-exchange media have been investigated by researchers topurify or generate high-purity ion chromatographic eluents. U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,036,921, 6,225,129, 6,316,271, 6,316,270, 6,315,954, and6,682,701 describe electrolytic devices that can be used to generatehigh purity acid and base solutions by using water as the carrier. Usingthese devices, high purity, contaminant-free acid or base solutions areautomatically generated on-line for use as eluents in chromatographicseparations. These devices simplify gradient separations that can now beperformed using electrical current gradients with minimal delay insteadof using a conventional mechanical gradient pump.

The combined use of the electrolytic eluent generator and suppressor hassignificantly changed the routine operation of ion chromatographicmethods and permits the performance various ion chromatographicseparations using only deionized water as the mobile phase. The use ofthese electrolytic devices results in significant improvements in theperformance of ion chromatography methods by allowing minimal baselineshifts during the gradients, greater retention time reproducibility,lower detection backgrounds, and lower detection limits for targetanalytes.

Recently, capillary high performance liquid chromatography usingseparation columns with internal diameters of 1 mm or smaller has gainedincreasing popularity as an analytical separation tool because of theadvantages associated with the miniaturization of separation processes.The typical separation columns in ion chromatography have columninternal diameters ranging 2 mm to 4 mm and are operated in flow rateranging from 0.2 to 3 mL/min. The practice of ion chromatography in thecapillary format (i.e., using small bore columns with internal diametersof about 1 mm or smaller) potentially has a number of advantages foranalysis of ionic analytes. The use of capillary separation column canimprove the separation efficiency and/or speed. Separation processes inthe capillary format require much smaller amount of sample and thusoffer improved compatibility with applications where amount of sample islimited, Capillary ion chromatography system typically operates at 1 to20 μL/min and thus the amount of eluent consumed is very small.Capillary ion chromatography has improved capability for continuousoperation with minimal intervention and thus minimizes problemsassociated with system start-up and shutdown. The operation of capillaryion chromatography at low flow rates improves the system compatibilitywith mass spectrometer. In addition, the practice of on chromatographyin the capillary format opens the door for the possibilities of offeringnew selectivity for difficult applications using new columns packed withmore exotic and difficult-to-make stationary phases.

When compared to high performance liquid chromatography, ionchromatography has progressed slower in the area of miniaturization ofthe dimension of the separation process. A limited number of studieshave been reported so far in the area of capillary ion chromatographyusing suppressed conductivity detection, In 1983, Rokushika andco-workers reported the development of a capillary ion chromatographysystem using suppressed conductivity detection (J. Chromatography, 260(1983) 81-88). In their study, an anion exchange capillary column wasprepared by packing a surface-agglomerated anion exchange resin in afused silica capillary with an internal diameter of 190 pm. Thesuppressor was fabricated using a Nafion® hollow fiber tubing and wasregenerated chemically using an external solution of 0.05 Mdeodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Separations of inorganic anions andcarboxylic acids were disclosed. In 1997, Dasgupta and coworker reportedthe implementation of a capillary ion chromatography system using anon-line high pressure electrolytic sodium hydroxide eluent generator(Anal. Chem., 29 (1997) 1385-1391). In their system, deionized water wasused as the carrier for electrolytic generation of sodium hydroxideeluents at 2 μL/min typically, a capillary column packed with anionexchanger was used as the separation column, and a suppressor preparedusing Nafion® tubing and regenerated chemically using a solution ofsulfuric acid was used. Both isocratic and gradient separations ofinorganic and organic anions were disclosed. In 2001, Pyo and Kimreported their work on the development of capillary ion chromatographyusing open tubular columns and suppressed conductivity detection (J.Korean Chem. Soc., 2001, Vol. 45, No, 3). Open tubular capillary columnscoated with DMEOHA latex particles were used as separation columns. Thesuppressor was fabricated using a Nafion® hollow fiber tubing andregenerated chemically using an external acid solution.

In the publications discussed above, capillary ion chromatography withsuppressed conductivity detection was performed using suppressors madeof ion-exchange capillary tubing. These publications disclose chemicalregeneration using an external dilution acid solution. The dead volumeof this type of suppressors can be minimized so that they are compatiblewith the capillary separation columns. However, these publicationsdisclosed the use of chemical regenerant, adding costs of dispensing anddisposing of the chemical regenerant, resulting in potential leakage ofthe chemical regenerant across the ion-exchange membrane into theeluent, which raises the conductivity detection background and affectsnegatively the sensitivity of some analytes. There is a need for acapillary ion chromatography system with an easy-to use, rugged, andreliable capillary suppressor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus for capillaryion chromatography comprising a suppressor comprising flow-through ionexchange packing in a housing including a packing inlet and a packingoutlet, and capillary tubing having an inlet and an outlet and formed ofa permselective ion exchange membrane, said tubing being at leastpartially disposed in said ion exchange packing.

Another embodiment of the invention is an apparatus for capillary ionchromatography comprising (a) a suppressor comprising capillary tubinghaving an inlet and an outlet and formed of a permselective ion exchangemembrane, said tubing being at least partially disposed in aflow-through housing, (b) a flow-through detector in fluid communicationwith said capillary tube, and (c) a recycle conduit for directingrecycled aqueous sample liquid from said detector through saidflow-through housing to the outside of said tubing.

Another embodiment of the invention is a suppressor comprising capillarytubing having an inlet and an outlet and formed of a permselective ionexchange membrane, said tubing being at least partially disposed in aflow-through housing, in which the outer wall of said capillary tubingcomprises exchangeable ions comprising weakly acidic or weakly basicfunctional groups.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method for capillary ionchromatography including the steps of (a) flowing an aqueous samplestream including separated sample ionic species of one charge, positiveor negative, in an eluent, through capillary tubing formed of apermselective ion exchange membrane, said tubing being packed inflow-through ion exchange packing, and transporting counterions in saideluent of opposite charge to said sample ionic species across saidtubing from the inner wall to the outer wall thereof, and (b) flowing anaqueous regenerant liquid through said ion exchange packing past theoutside of said tubing to carry away the transported counterionstransported to said outer tubing wall.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method for capillary ionchromatography including the steps of (a) flowing an aqueous samplestream including separated sample ionic species of one charge, positiveor negative, in an eluent, through capillary tubing formed of apermselective ion exchange membrane, and transporting counterions insaid eluent of opposite charge to said sample ionic species across saidtubing from the inner wall to the outer wall thereof, (b) detecting saidseparated ionic species exiting said capillary tubing by flowing theliquid sample stream through a detector, and (c) recycling said aqueoussample stream from said detector to said outer tubing wall to carry awaysaid counterions transported to the same.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-5 are schematic representations of different embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 6-12 are charts of different experimental results illustrating themethods and apparatus of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The system of the present invention is useful for determining a largenumber of ionic species. The species to be determined are solely anionsor solely cations. Suitable samples include surface waters, and otherliquids such as industrial chemical waste, body fluids, beverages, anddrinking water. When the term “ionic species” is used, it includesspecies in ionic form and components of molecules which are ionizedunder the conditions of the present invention.

In general, the present invention relates to ion chromatographyapparatus and method in which the chromatography is performed on acapillary scale. Ion chromatography systems of the present inventioninclude (a) a capillary separation column, typically in the form of achromatography column, (b) a suppressor in which the effluent from thechromatography column flows through a capillary-sized tubing in thesuppressor (“a capillary suppressor”), and (c) a detector, typically aconductivity detector, downstream of the suppressor

The term “capillary tubing” is defined to encompass narrow borecapillary tubing as generally used in chemical analysis but is notlimited to such capillary tubing. Instead, the term “capillary tubing”broadly includes tubing having the dimensions on the order of magnitudeof the internal dimensions of prior art capillary tubing. Suchcapillaries typically have a bore diameter ranging from about 5 to 1,000microns, more preferably from about 10 to 500 microns. Such dimensionstypically apply both to the separator column and the suppressorcapillary tubing of the present invention. One or more segments ofcapillary tubes may be joined to form continuous capillary tubing. Thecapillary tubing leads to capillary flow rates, e.g. 0.1 to 50 μL/min.

In general, any of the well-known ion chromatography systems, e.g., asillustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,897,213, 3.920,397, 3,925,019 and3,956,559 may also be employed but using the capillary suppressors ofthe present invention.

In one embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 1, the capillarysuppressor of the present invention is illustrated schematically. Inthis embodiment, an eluent generator of the type illustrated in FIG. 1of U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,701 is used, although other eluent generators asillustrated in that patent or elsewhere can be used in combination withthe capillary ion chromatography system of the present invention. Theprinciples of operation of the eluent generator are fully illustrated inthis patent. Also, the system of FIG. 1 illustrates a recycle ofsolution from the detector to the outside of the capillary tubing aswill be described more fully hereinafter. Such recycle for differentforms of suppressors is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,426.

Referring specifically to the embodiment of FIG. 1, deionized water froma source, not shown, is pumped by pump 12 through high pressure basegenerator chamber 14 of base generator 15. Chamber 14 is separated froma low pressure ion source reservoir 16 including a source of eluent ion.As illustrated, the system is for anion analysis in which the ions to besupplied for the analyte are cations, potassium ion as illustrated, orsodium, lithium or other cations. The ion source reservoir may be in theform of a base or salt solution which can be replenished as illustratedin the '701 patent. A charged permselective membrane barrier orconnector 18 substantially prevents bulk liquid flow while providing anion transport bridge to transport the potassium ions into the basegeneration chamber 14. Suitable membranes, e.g. ones formed of Nafion®,are illustrated in the '701 patent. An anode 20, e.g. platinum, is inelectrical communication with reservoir 16 and a cathode 22, e.g.platinum, is disposed at the outlet of base generation chamber 14.Cation exchange packing such as a resin bed may be disposed in basegeneration chamber 12 as illustrated in the '701 patent. Electrolysis isperformed to provide the reaction illustrated in the '701 patent so thatthe base, KOH, is generated in base generation chamber 14. Under theapplied electric field, the potassium ions migrate across the ionexchange connector or membrane to combine with hydroxide ions to form aKOH eluent. The concentration of KOH solution formed is proportional tothe applied current and inversely proportional to the flow rate of thedeionized water carrier stream. Hydrogen is generated at the cathodewhich could interfere with analysis. Thus, it is preferable to use adegassing tubing device 26 typically using a porous membrane to removegenerated hydrogen gases, also illustrated in the '701 patent.

Sample is injected in injector 28 and is carried by the eluent from basegenerator 15 to ion exchange chromatographic separation column 30. Foranion analysis, separation is performed using anion separation medium,typically a packed bed of ion exchange resin in column 30, but of acapillary dimension, as set forth above.

As illustrated, the effluent from capillary anion separation column 30flows to the inlet 32 a of capillary tubing 32, then through the tubingand out outlet 32 b and through detector 34, suitably a conductivitydetector. Tubing 32 is contained within a suppressor housing 36 whichcan be any shape including tubular or rectangular. The effluent from thedetector 34 is recycled in line 38 to an inlet port 36 a of housing 36and flows outside tubing 32 preferably countercurrently to the flow intubing 32, and exits outlet port 36 b.

Capillary tubing 32 is formed of a permselective ion exchange membrane,suitably of the type described in the prior art, such as formed ofNeon®, to block bulk liquid flow but permit transport of the selectedion, cation in the instance of anion analysis. Thus, the wall of thetubing serves the same purposes as a prior art membrane suppressor or amembrane barrier 18 which can also be formed of Nafion®. The details ofthe suppressor will be described below.

Other eluent generators may be used with an ionized water source, suchas a generator for a carbonate salt such as potassium carbonateillustrated in PCT Application WO12004/024302. In this instance, the ionchromatography system downstream from the eluent generator also is asillustrated in FIG. 1. Other eluent generators can be used, e.g. asillustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,204 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,628.

Although the eluent generators are illustrated for anion analysis andthe generation of cations such as potassium ions, for cation analysis,the same system may be used for generating MSA or other anions for aneluent by appropriate reversal of the polarity of the membrane ionexchange resin and electrodes such as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No.6,682,701.

It is apparent that the system of FIG. 1 including eluent generation asillustrated above is capable of performing the entire ion chromatographyseparation process including analyte separation, eluent suppression, andanalyte detection using one or more flowing streams of deionized water.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a capillary suppressoraccording to the present invention. Like parts will be designated belowwith like numbers for FIGS. 1 and 2. As illustrated, suppressor housing36, suitably formed of a non-conductive, e.g. plastic, column withflow-through ports, include capillary tubing 32 with an inlet 32 a andoutlet 32 b. The tubing typically projects through liquid tight fittingsinto and out of housing 36 and project in direct or indirect fluidcommunication with the outlet of separation column 30. Outlet 32 b oftubing 32 projects through the housing and is connected to tubing forfluid communication with the inlet of flow-through detector 34.

For anion analysis, a cation exchange capillary tubing is preferablytightly embedded in cation exchange packing 40, suitably a cationexchange resin bed in direct contact therewith. Packing 40 is containedin a housing 36. As illustrated, separate fluid connections are used forthe stream flowing through the capillary tubing. A source of flowingaqueous regenerant liquid flows through packing 40 from inlet 42 in aconduit and through outlet 44 through appropriate fittings. The solutionthen flows through a conduit to detector 34. In the embodiment of FIG.1, the water source for inlet 42 is the sample stream effluent from theconductivity detector after detection as illustrated in FIG. 1 whichflows in recycle conduit 38 illustrated in FIG. 1.

In one embodiment, cation exchange capillary tubing 32 is made of aNafion® membrane material or some other form of strongly acidic cationexchange membrane. A typical length of the capillary tubing within thesuppressor is about 0.1 to 50 cm, preferably 1 to 20 cm. Preferableinternal diameters are between about 0.001 inch to 0.010 inch. In oneembodiment, the cation exchange resin for ion separation is preferably astrongly acidic cation exchange resin such as sulfonated resin in thehydronium ion (H⁺) form.

As used herein, the terms “strongly acidic cation” exchange resin orfunctional groups as those terms are used in the field ofchromatography. Thus, for example, Dowex 50W X8 and Amberlite IR 122 arecommonly used strongly acidic cation exchange resins. In this type ofresin, the functional groups are typically strong acids with pKa lessthan 1. Typical strongly acidic functional groups include sulfonicgroups.

As used herein, the terms “weakly acidic cation” exchange resin orfunctional groups as those terms are used in the field ofchromatography. Thus, for example, Chelex-100 and Bio-Rex 70, andAmberlite IRC-76 resins are commonly used weakly acidic cation exchangeresins. In this type of resin, the functional groups are typically weakacids with pKa greater than 1. Typical weakly acidic functional groupsinclude carboxylic acid, chlorocarboxylic acid, and phosphonic acidgroups.

Well-known cation exchange packing 40 in the hydronium form may also beused in this embodiment. Although packing 40 is described in a preferredform of ion exchange resin bed, other forms of packing may be used suchas a porous continuous structure with sufficient porosity to permit flowof solution through without undue pressure drop and with sufficient ionexchange capacity to form a conducting bridge of cations or anionsbetween the electrodes. One form of structure is a porous matrix or asponge-like material formed of sulfonated, cross linked polystyrene witha porosity of about 10 to 15% permitting a flow rate of about 0.1 to 3ml/min. without excessive pressure drop.

In an embodiment not shown, if the flow rate of the sample liquid streamin recycle conduit 38 is insufficient for its desired effects carryingaway the ions which transport across the wall of tubing 32 and/or forcooling the suppressor for an electrolytic application, then anadditional source of flowing aqueous liquid, not shown, may be directedthrough packing 40. In this instance, the additional source of aqueousliquid may comprise a water stream, e.g. deionized water, which ispumped to the suppressor and either combines into a single stream withthe water in the recycle conduit or can be directed in a separateconduit through packing 40. As with suppressors which include therecycle in the prior art, it is preferable to flow the aqueous waterthrough the packing external to the tubing countercurrently to flow inthe tubing.

When the aqueous effluent from the conductivity detector is recycled androuted through packing 40, the suppressor can be continuouslyregenerated as long as there is a continuous flow of water to remove KOHgenerated in the hydrolysis of the weakly acidic resin in the potassiumform. Depending on the chemical properties of the functional groups onthe resin, the kinetics of the hydrolysis may become a limiting factordetermining the suppression capacity of device with respect to theinflux of KOH eluent into the suppressor. A second stream of deionizedwater flowing through the resin bed of the suppressor which may be at aflow rate higher than the flow rate used in the separation process ispreferred since it is expected that the suppression capacity may beimproved.

For anion analysis, a sulfonated membrane capillary tubing is used, as abase eluent (e.g., KOH) enters the capillary tubing, potassium ions (K⁺)exchange with hydronium ions (H⁺) in the wall of the capillary accordingto the following equations:R—SO₃H+KOH (eluent)→RSO₃K+H₂O (suppressed eluent)  (1)R—SO₃H+KX (analyte)→RSO₃K+HX (suppressed analyte)  (2)

In the equation, R represents an ion-exchange surface on the capillary.Since the cation exchange capillary is in direct physical contact withthe bed of cation exchange resin, K⁺ ions originally exchanged onto thewall of the cation exchange capillary continue to exchange with H⁺ ionson the resin beads immediately adjacent to the wall. Subsequently, thisexchange process continues to occur among the resin beads that are notin direct physical contact with the cation exchange capillary andlocated further way from the capillary tubing, in this process, cationexchange resin beads become the source of regenerant ions (i.e., H⁺ions) to regenerate the cation exchange capillary tubing. Thesuppression process continues until the point when the cation exchangebeads surrounding the citron exchange capillary become predominant inthe potassium form and the incoming flux of hydronium ions to the cationexchange capillary reduce to a level that is insufficient to neutralizethe incoming KOH eluent.

The effective suppression capacity of the device at a given eluentconcentration and flow rate depends on a number of factors including thelength of the capillary, the eluent flow profile inside the capillary,the resin ion exchange capacity, the resin particle size, the amount ofthe resin surrounding the capillary, the resin bed geometry and thelike. The cation exchange capillary tubing can be woven into ageometrical pattern to create torturous flow paths for the eluent goingthrough the capillary to increase the contact of the eluent with thewall of the capillary in order to increase the suppression capacity ofthe device. The internal opening of the cation exchange capillary mayalso be filled with an inert or cation exchange monofilament to decreasethe dead volume of the capillary suppressor as well as to increase thecontact of the eluent with the wall of the capillary in order toincrease the suppression capacity of the device. Once the effectivesuppression capacity of the suppressor is consumed, the resin bed of thedevice can be regenerated off-line using an external source of acid toconvert the entire resin bed back to the hydronium form. The constantwater flow may facilitate the potassium/hydronium exchange among the ionexchange sites to increase the effective suppression capacity of thedevice. In the capillary ion chromatography system shown in FIG. 1, theaqueous effluent from the conductivity detector can be recycled androuted through the resin bed of the capillary suppressor. Alternatively,a separate stream of deionized water may be directed through the resinbed of the suppressor to serve the same function.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, capillary tubing 32 is coiled to flow in aserpentine path. Depending on the desired length of suppressor capillarytubing to accomplish suppression, the tubing may be in a straight lineor coiled or in any desired configuration. It would not typically be inthe illustrated form with right angle turns because of the resistance toflow.

In another embodiment, the suppressor of FIG. 2 may be employed exceptthat the cation exchange resin packing 40 surround the capillary tubing32 contains weakly acidic functional groups in addition to strongly acidfunctional groups. The H⁺ ions associated with the cation exchange resinparticles surrounding capillary 32 act as the source of regenerant ions(i.e., H⁺ ions) and support the suppression process. K⁺ ions originallyexchanged onto the wall of the capillary continue to exchange with H⁺ions on the ionic exchange resin beads immediately adjacent to the wall.This exchange process continues to occur in the resin beads not indirect physical contact with the wall of tubing 32 located further awayfrom the wall. At the same time, the weakly acidic resin in potassiumform can undergo the hydrolysis reaction according to the followingequation:R—CO₃K+H₂O→R—CO₃H+KOH

When there is a constant flow of water going through the resin bed, KOHformed in the resin hydrolysis reaction can be routed out of the resinbed. The regenerated resin then becomes available again for thesuppression process according to the following equation:R—CO₃H+KOH→R—CO₃K+H₂O

The effective suppression capacity of the device at a given eluentconcentration and flow rate depends on a number of factors includinglength of the capillary, the eluent flow profile inside the capillary,the resin ion exchange capacity, the resin particle size, the amount ofthe resin surrounding the capillary, the resin bed geometry, etc. Inthis embodiment, the resin bed may also consist of a mixture of bothstrongly acid cation exchange resin and weakly acidic cation exchangeresin. This can be done in a uniform or non-uniform mixture of the twodifferent types of resin. In this resin mixture, the weakly acidiccation exchange resin can be regenerated continuously through hydrolysisas described above. This offers the advantage of continuous operationwithout the need of off-line regeneration with an external acidsolution.

Another embodiment of capillary tubing 32 for use in the suppressor ofthe present ion invention for anion analysis is depicted in schematicFIG. 3. In this embodiment, the cation exchange capillary contains bothstrongly acidic and weakly acidic functional groups. FIG. 3schematically illustrates a cross-section of the cation exchangecapillary used in this embodiment. The inner wall of the cation exchangecapillary is largely made of ion exchange material containing stronglyacidic functional group. The outer wall of the capillary includes weaklyacidic functional groups (e.g., bound to the capillary by grafting tothe strongly acidic capillary tubing with linear polymers that includesuch groups. Techniques suitable for the modification of the capillarypolymer surface by graft polymerization of a monomer of monomers fromactive sites generated on solid polymer surfaces are well known (See,e.g., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Supplement Vol,2^(nd) edition, John Wiley & Sons (1989) 678, Macromolecules, Vol. 9,(1976), 754, and Macromolecules, Vol. 12, (1979), 1222). The most commontechnique is γ-radiation using radiation sources such as ⁶⁰Co source,which generates surface radicals, but thermal, photochemical, plasma,and wet chemical methods can also be used to introduce free radicalsites for initiation. Monomers can be present in the gas phase, insolution, or as neat liquids. The surface graft polymerizationtechniques can be used to modify the ion exchange capillary to includeweakly acidic function groups on the outer wall of the capillary.

As the KOH eluent enters into the capillary tubing, potassium ions (K⁺)exchange with hydronium ions (H⁺) in on the inner wall of the capillary.Subsequently, K⁺ ions originally exchanged onto the inner wall of thecation exchange capillary continue to exchange with H⁺ ions on theweakly acidic functional group attached to the outer wall of thecapillary. As described previously, the weakly acidic functional groupsin potassium form can undergo the hydrolysis reaction according to thefollowing equation:R—CO₃K+H₂O—+R—CO₃H+KOH

KOH formed in the hydrolysis reaction can be routed outside of theplastic housing 36 when there is a constant stream of water flowingoutside the cation exchange capillary 32. In this mode of operation, thesuppressor can be continuously regenerated as long as there is acontinuous flow of water to remove KOH generated. The aqueous effluentfrom the conductivity detector 34 can be recycled and routed to flowoutside of the cation exchange capillary. A second stream of deionizedwater suitably at flow rates higher than the flow rate used in theseparation process may be used since it is expected that the suppressioncapacity may be improved. In this embodiment, the weakly acidicfunctional groups attached to the outer wall of the capillary tubing canbe regenerated continuously through electrolysis as described above.This offers the advantage of continuous operation without the need foroff-line regeneration with an external acid solution.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of an electrolytic capillary suppressorcapable of continuous operation for anion analysis. Like parts for FIGS.2 and 4 are illustrated with like numbers. In this embodiment, as in theembodiment of FIG. 2, the capillary anion suppressor includes a cationexchange capillary tubing 32 embedded tightly inside a bed of cationexchange resin 40 housed in plastic column housing 32 with flow-throughports. The inlet of the resin bed is fitted with a flow-through anode50, e.g., perforated Pt anode, and the outlet of the resin bed is fittedwith a flow-through cathode 52, e.g., a perforated Pt cathode. Bothelectrodes are preferably in direct contact with packing 40 of theforegoing type. The cation exchange capillary tubing may be made of theforegoing materials in the foregoing dimensions. In the operation ofthis type of electrolytic capillary suppressor, the resin bed iscontinuously regenerated by hydronium ions generated through theelectrolysis of water at the device anode. The principles and details ofone form of continuous electrolytic suppression are illustrated in U.S.Pat. No. 6,468,804. As in FIG. 1, the water used in electrolysis can besupplied the aqueous effluent (i.e., the suppressed eluent) recycledfrom the conductivity detector. Also, as set forth above, a separatestream of deionized water may be directed through the resin bed in placeof or supplemental to the recycle stream.

In another embodiment of the electrolytic capillary suppressor (notshown), the operation of this suppressor is same as the embodiment shownin FIG. 4 except that the water used for electrolytic reactions isrouted into the resin bed through a liquid connecting port located nearthe center of the packing 40, e.g., in the center bottom of FIG. 4. Inthis configuration, the water is splitting into two streams (one streamflowing out the device anode 50 and the other stream going through thedevice cathode 52) before exiting the device, One advantage of thisembodiment is that the gases (i.e., oxygen at the anode and hydrogen atthe cathode) formed during the electrolytic reaction are swept out ofthe device instead of going through the resin bed, which may lead toimprove suppressor performance.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the electrolytic capillarysuppressor for anion analysis. In this embodiment, suppressor 60includes three chambers in which the central chamber comprises ionexchange packing 40 in which capillary tubing 32 is embedded asillustrated above, Like parts designated with like numbers for FIGS. 1-4for this part of the system. As with the device of FIG. 1, thesample-containing eluent from the chromatographic column flows intoinlet 32 a of the capillary tubing, and the liquid that exits capillarytubing 32 b flows to the detector. The water source 62 may be recycledfrom a detector and/or some other source of aqueous liquid. Theprincipal difference between the embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5 is thepresence of one or two electrode chambers out of contact with the flowthrough packing 40. In this instance, the solution exiting packing 40flows into electrode chamber 64 in which anode 52 is disposed. Asillustrated, optional permselective barrier 66 separates packing 40from, electrode chamber 62. The solution exiting electrode chamber 64may be recycled in conduit 66 through electrode chamber 68 for cathode60 which may also be separated by optional barrier 70 from packing 40.The use of separate electrode chambers with or without barriers 68 and70 for suppressing a packed resin bed is illustrated in the embodimentof FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,643. The principal difference betweenthese embodiments is the flow of the sample containing eluent throughthe resin bed is in contact with it in the '643 patent rather thanthrough a capillary tubing within a resin bed as in the presentinvention. The general principles of electrolytic operation are the samefor the embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5 with the exception of the isolationof the electrodes from a flow-through the resin bed. It is preferablefor the aqueous stream to be routed through the packing 40 for beingsent to the anode and cathode chamber for use in the electrolyticreaction. Flow of water through packing 40 serves to remove heatgenerated in the operation of the electrolytic capillary suppressor.

In the above embodiments of electrolytic capillary ion suppression,suppressors can be operated continuously or intermittently. Forintermittent operation, once effective suppression capacity is consumed,the resin bed can be generated electrolytically to remove potassium ionsto convert the packing back to the hydronium form for the next cycle.The frequency of such intermittent operation would depend on the devicedimensions and the eluent influx.

To permit continuous operation without the need for off-lineregeneration of packing 40, a total ion exchange capacity of the packingmay be selected to correspond to the amount of capacity necessary for aparticular eluent stream. For example, for electrolytic operation as inFIG. 4, the total ion exchange capacity of the packing is least 10 timesto as high as 10,000 to 100,000 times or more higher than the ionexchange capacity of the capillary tubing.

By appropriate reversal of the polarity of the packing electrodes andmembranes, the capillary suppressors of the prior art can be used forsuppressing acid eluents for cation analysis.

In order to further illustrate the present invention, the followingnon-limiting examples are provided.

Example 1 Electrolytic Generation of KOH Eluents at CapillaryChromatography Flow Rates

This example demonstrates the electrolytic generation of KOH solution atcapillary chromatography flow rates. A modified Dionex P680 pump (DionexCorporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.) was used to deliver a stream ofdeionized water at 10 μL/min. Deionized water was first passed throughan ATC-HC column and a CTC-1 column to remove ionic contaminants andthen routed into a KOH eluent generator for generation of KOH solution.The KOH eluent generator was prepared by modifying a Dionex EGC-KOHcartridge (P/N 058900). A Keithley Model 220 Programmable Current Source(Keithely Instruments, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio) was used to supply the DCcurrent to the anode and cathode of the KOH eluent generator. A DionexED50A conductivity detector equipped with a modified flow-throughconductivity cell was used to monitor conductance of the KOH solutionformed. A Dionex Chromeleon 6.5 computer workstation was used forinstrument control, data collection, and processing.

FIG. 6 shows an overlay of 8 conductance profiles of KOH eluentsgenerated electrolytically at 10 μL/min. In this example, the DC currentapplied to the eluent generator was varied from 0 mA to 3.21 mA in0.321-mA steps to achieve the generation of KOH eluents inconcentrations ranging from 0 mM to 200 mM in 20-mM steps. The resultsshown in FIG. 6 indicate that it is feasible to generate reproduciblyKOH solutions over a wide range of concentration at capillary flowrates.

Example 2 Use of a Resin-Phase Regenerant Capillary Anion Suppressor inCapillary IC Separation of Common Anions

This example demonstrates the use of a resin-phase regenerant capillaryanion suppressor of the type depicted in FIG. 2 in capillary ICseparation of common anions. The capillary IC system used in theexperiment was constructed according to the scheme shown in FIG. 1. Amodified Dionex P680 pump (Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.) wasused to deliver deionized water at 12 μL/min. To generate a KOH eluent,deionized water was first passed through Dionex ATC-HC and CTC-1 columnsto remove ionic contaminants and then routed into a KOH eluent generatorthat was prepared by modifying a Dionex EGC-KOH cartridge (P/N 058900).A Keithley Model 220 Programmable Current Source (Keithely Instruments,Inc., Cleveland, Ohio) was used to supply the DC current to the anodeand cathode of the KOH eluent generator. The outlet of the KOH eluentgenerator was connected to a high-pressure degas unit to remove hydrogengas generated during the electrolytic eluent generation process. ARheodyne six-port PEEK high-pressure injection valve (Cotati, Calif.)was used for injection of samples. The capillary anion separation columnwas prepared by packing a proprietary Dionex surface-functionalizedanion exchange resin in a 1/16-inch OD PEEK tubing of 250 mm in lengthand 380 pm in internal diameter. A Dionex ED50A conductivity detectorequipped with a modified flow-through conductivity cell was used. ADionex Chromeleon 6.5 computer workstation was used for instrumentcontrol, data collection, and processing.

In this example, the capillary suppressor was prepared according thebasic scheme illustrated in FIG. 2. A 15-cm length of Nafion® cationexchange capillary tubing (0.004-inch ID×0.010-inch OD) was embeddedinside a bed of 8% cross-linked and 20-pm sulfonated styrenedivinylbenzene resin beads (Dionex Corporation) that were housed insidea PEEK column (9-mm ID×150 mm in length) with two flow-through liquidconnecting ports. Provisions were also made to provide separate fluidconnections to the Nafion® cation exchange capillary tubing. Thesuppressed effluent from the conductivity cell was routed through theresin bed of the suppressor at 12 μL/min.

FIG. 7 shows the separation of seven common anions (fluoride, chloride,bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate) obtained using thesystem described above. The concentration of KOH eluent was varied from38 mM to 200 mM. Complete resolution of all seven anions was obtainedwhen the concentration of KOH eluent was 38 mM. Co-elution of anions wasobserved at higher KOH concentrations as expected. The results shown inFIG. 7 indicate that the resin-phase regenerant capillary anionsuppressor of the type depicted in FIG. 2 can be used successfully tosuppress KOH eleunts of different concentrations in capillary ICseparation of common anions. More significantly, the results shown inFIG. 7 demonstrate that the capillary IC system depicted in FIG. 1 canbe used to perform separation of anions using one flowing stream ofdeionized water.

Example 3 Operation of a Resin-Phase Regenerant Capillary Suppressor inthe Suppression of KOH Eluent for Anion Analysis

This example demonstrates the use of a resin-phase regenerant capillaryanion suppressor of the type depicted in FIG. 2 in capillary ICseparation of common anions. The capillary ion chromatography systemused in this example was same as that used in Example 2, except that adifferent resin-phase regenerant capillary anion suppressor was used. Inthis example, the capillary suppressor was prepared according the basicscheme illustrated in FIG. 2. A 15-cm length of Nation® cation exchangecapillary tubing (0.004-inch ID×0.010-inch OD) was embedded inside aresin bed housed inside a PEEK column (9-mm ID×150 mm in length) withtwo flow-through liquid connecting ports. Provisions were also made toprovide separate fluid connections to the Nafion® cation exchangecapillary tubing. The suppressor resin bed was made of a resin mixtureof 95% (w/w) of a 8% cross-linked and 20-pm sulfonated styrenedivinylbenzene resin (Dionex Corporation) and 5% (w/w) of 200-400 meshChelex-100 resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). TheChelex-100 resin is a cation exchanger with weakly acidic iminodiacetatefunctional groups. The suppressed effluent from the conductivity cellwas routed through the resin bed of the suppressor at 12 μL/min.

In this example, the separation of seven anions (fluoride, chloride,bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate) on the same capillaryanion separation column described in Example 2 was performedcontinuously for more than 400 runs (each run=20 min) to monitor thelonger-term performance of the capillary suppressor. 100 mM KOH was usedas the eluent. As shown in FIG. 8, the suppressor provided stablesuppressed background for at least 380 runs. A slightly unstablesuppressed background was observed for Run #390. A noticeably unstablesuppressed background was observed for Run #400. The results shown inFIG. 8 suggest that the resin-phase regenerant capillary anionsuppressor of the type depicted in FIG. 2 can functions satisfactorilyfor an extended period of time in capillary IC separation of commonanions. In addition, the results shown in FIG. 8 demonstrate again thatthe capillary IC system depicted in FIG. 1 can be used to performseparation of anions using one flowing stream of deionized water.

Example 4 The Exchange of Cations Among Sulfonated Resin Beads in theHydronium Form and Sulfonated Resin Beads in the Potassium Form

This example illustrates visually the exchange of cations amongsulfonated resin beads in hydronium form and sulfonated resin beads inpotassium form. In this example, a capillary suppressor was preparedaccording the basic scheme illustrated in FIG. 2. A 15-cm length of aproprietary grafted and sulfonated TFE capillary tubing of 0.004-inchID×0.010-inch OD (Dionex Corporation) was embedded inside a bed of200-400 mesh AG 50W X16 resin, a sulfonated cation exchanger availablefrom Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, Calif.). The resin bed was housedinside a clear glass column (6-mm ID×250 mm in length) available fromBio-Chem Valve, Inc. (Boonton, N.J., USA). Prior to its placement intothe glass column, the 200-400 mesh AG 50W X16 resin was homogenouslycoated with a small amount of quinaldine red, a cationic dye. The coatedresin has a golden color when it is in the hydrogen form. The color ofthe coated resin changes to magenta when it is in the potassium form,Therefore, the color change of the resin can be used to visualize theexchange of cations among sulfonated resin beads in the hydronium formand sulfonated resin beads in the potassium form. The operation of thiscapillary suppressor was evaluated using the system described in Example2. The suppressor was used continuously to suppress 20 mM KOH at 10μL/min. In this example, the suppressed eluent from the conductivitycell was routed to waste. A second stream of deionized water was pumpedthrough the resin bed at 0.25 mL/min.

A slight color change was observed for the resin surrounding the inletend of the sulfonated TFE capillary in the suppressor after 6 hours ofoperation. A much noticeable change of resin color was observed for theresin bed at the inlet end of the suppressor after 72 hours ofoperation. A distinct band of resin in the magenta color was observedfor the resin bed at the inlet end of the suppressor after 144 hours ofoperation. These results demonstrate visually that K⁺ ions originallyexchanged onto the wall of the cation exchange capillary continue toexchange with H⁺ ions on the resin beads immediately adjacent to thewall, and this exchange process subsequently continues to occur amongthe resin beads that are not in direct physical contact with the cationexchange capillary and located further way from the capillary tubing.

In another experiment, one drop of quinaldine red coated AG 50W X 16resin in the potassium form (magenta color) was placed on the bed ofquinaldine red coated AG 50W X 16 resin in the hydronium form (goldencolor) in a beaker. After 2 hours, a noticeable decrease in theintensity of the magenta color was observed. After about 72 hours, themagenta color of the added drop of resin further faded away. After 192hours, the added drop of resin are hardly distinguishable from the restof the resin bed, indicating that the added drop of resin was convertedto the hydronium form.

Example 5 Capillary IC Separation of Anionic Analytes UsingElectrolytically-Generated KOH Eluents and Suppressed ConductivityDetection with Electrolytic Capillary Suppressors of the Type Depictedin FIG. 5

This example demonstrates the use of electrolytic capillary anionsuppressors of the type depicted in FIG. 5 in the capillary ICseparation of common anions. The capillary ion chromatography systemused in this example was similar to the one used in Example 2, exceptthat electrolytic capillary anion suppressors were used. In thisexample, electrolytic capillary suppressors were prepared. The capillaryanion suppressors consisted of three PEEK chambers. The eluent chambercontained a cation exchange capillary tubing embedded tightly inside abed of cation exchange resin (6 to 8 mm ID×10 to 25 mm in length).Provisions were made provide separate fluid connections to the cationexchange capillary tubing in the resin bed. Either a 15-cm length of aproprietary grafted and sulfonated TFE capillary tubing of 0.004-inchID×0.010-inch OD (Dionex Corporation) or a 15-cm length of Nafion®cation exchange capillary tubing (0.004-inch ID×0.010-inch OD) was usedin the construction of electrolytic capillary suppressors. The eluentchamber was physically separated from the cathodic regenerant chamberand anodic regenerant chamber using a proprietary grafted and sulfonatedTFE cation exchange ion exchange membranes (Dionex Corporation). Thecathode chamber contained a perforated Pt cathode and the anode chambercontains a perforated Pt anode. Both electrode chambers had two liquidconnecting ports (inlet and outlet). In this example, the suppressedeluent from the conductivity cell was routed to waste. A second streamof deionized water was first pumped through the resin bed in the eluentchamber, then to the anodic regenerant chamber and the cathodicregenerant chamber at flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.25 mL/min. TheDionex ED50A module was used to supply a DC current of 20 mA to theelectrolytic capillary suppressors. A Dionex EG40 eluent generatorcontrol module was used to supply DC currents to the KOH eluentgeneration cartridge for generation of KOH eluents used in the ionchromatographic separations of anions.

FIG. 9 shows the suppressed conductivity background obtained using thesystem when the concentration of KOH eluent was varied from 20 to 200 mMat 10 μL/min. The results indicate that the electrolytic capillarysuppressor was capable of suppressing KOH at various concentrationseffectively.

FIG. 10 shows an overlay of 20 consecutive separations of seven commonanions (fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, andphosphate) on a capillary column packed with a proprietarylatex-agglomerated anion exchanger (Dionex Corporation). The separationwas performed using 38 mM KOH at 10 μL/min. The results show highlyreproducible separation of the target anions with analyte retentionpercent relative standard deviation (RDS) ranging from 0.028% forsulfate to 0.10% for phosphate, and analyte peak area percent RSDranging from 0.033% for nitrite to 0.58% for phosphate.

FIG. 11 shows an overlay of 10 consecutive separations of 11 commonanions (fluoride, chlorite, bromate, chloride, nitrite, chlorate,bromide, nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, and phosphate) on a capillarycolumn packed with a proprietary surface-functionalized anion exchanger(Dionex Corporation). The separation was performed using KOH eluent witha concentration gradient from 10 to 45 mM KOH at 10 μL/min. The resultsalso show highly reproducible separation of the target anions withanalyte retention percent relative standard deviation (RDS) ranging from0.072% for phosphate to 0.19% for nitrite.

The above results demonstrate that the capillary IC system described inthis invention can be used to provide reliable determination of targetanionic analytes using only deionized water as the carrier streams.

Example 6 Capillary IC Separation of Cationic Analytes UsingElectrolytically-Generated MSA Eluents and Suppressed ConductivityDetection with an Electrolytic Capillary Suppressor of the Type Depictedin FIG. 5

This example demonstrates the use of an electrolytic capillary cationsuppressor of the type depicted in FIG. 5 in the capillary IC separationof common cations. The basic system components of the capillary ionchromatography system used in this example were similar those depictedin FIG. 1 for cation analysis. The methanesulfonic acid (MSA) eluentgenerator was prepared by modifying a Dionex EGC-MSA cartridge (P/N058902). A Keithley Model 220 Programmable Current Source (KeithelyInstruments, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio) was used to supply the DC currentsto the MSA eluent generation cartridge for generation of MSA eluentsused in the ion chromatographic separations of cations.

The electrolytic capillary suppressor was prepared according the basicscheme illustrated in FIG. 5. The capillary anion suppressors consistedof three PEEK chambers. The eluent chamber contained a 15-cm length of aproprietary grafted and aminated TFE capillary tubing of 0.004-inchID×0.010-inch OD (Dionex Corporation) embedded tightly inside a stronglybasic anion exchange resin bed (6 mm ID×20 mm in length). Provisionswere made provide separate fluid connections to the cation exchangecapillary tubing in the resin bed. The eluent chamber was physicallyseparated from the cathodic regenerant chamber and anodic regenerantchamber using a proprietary grafted and aminated TFE cation exchange ionexchange membranes (Dionex Corporation). The cathode chamber contained aperforated Pt cathode and the anode chamber contains a perforated Ptanode. Both electrode chambers had two liquid connecting ports (inletand outlet). In this example, the suppressed eluent from theconductivity cell was routed to waste. A second stream of deionizedwater was first pumped through the resin bed in the eluent chamber, thento the cathodic regenerant chamber and the anodic regenerant chamber atflow rates ranging from 0.2 mL/min. The Dionex SC20 suppressor controlmodule was used to supply a DC current of 15 to 20 mA to theelectrolytic capillary suppressor.

FIG. 12 shows a separation of six common cations (lithium, sodium,ammonium potassium, magnesium, and calcium) on a capillary column packedwith a proprietary surface-functionalized cation exchanger (DionexCorporation). The separation was performed using 8 mM MSA at 10 μL/min.An excellent resolution of all cationic analytes was obtained. Theresults demonstrate that the capillary IC system described in thisinvention can be used to provide separation of target cationic analytesusing only deionized water as the carrier streams.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrolytically-regenerated suppressor forcapillary ion chromatography comprising: (a) a central chamberincluding: (i) an ion exchange packing; and (ii) a capillary tubinghaving an inlet and an outlet and formed of a permselective ion exchangemembrane, the capillary tubing being at least partially disposed in theion exchange packing; (b) a first electrode chamber having an inlet andan outlet, the first electrode chamber including: (i) a first electrode:(ii) a first permselective barrier that separates the first electrodechamber from the ion exchange packing; and (c) a second electrodechamber having an inlet and an outlet, the second electrode chamberincluding: (i) a second electrode; (ii) a second permselective barrierthat separates the second electrode chamber from the ion exchangepacking.
 2. The suppressor of claim 1 further comprising: (d) a sourceof flowing an aqueous regenerant liquid in fluid communication with aninlet of the central chamber.
 3. The suppressor of claim 1, in which anoutlet of the central chamber is in fluid communication with the firstelectrode chamber inlet.
 4. The suppressor of claim 1, in which thefirst electrode chamber outlet is in fluid communication with the secondelectrode chamber inlet.
 5. The suppressor of claim 1, in which the ionexchange packing includes substrates with exchangeable ions comprisingweakly acidic or weakly basic functional groups.
 6. The suppressor ofclaim 1, in which an outer wall of the capillary tubing comprisesexchangeable ions comprising a weakly acidic or a weakly basicfunctional groups.
 7. The suppressor of claim 6, in which an inner wallof the capillary tubing comprises exchangeable ions comprising astrongly acidic or a strongly basic functional groups.
 8. The suppressorof claim 6, in which the weakly acidic or the weakly basic functionalgroups comprise moieties on polymers grafted to the outer wall of thetubing.
 9. The suppressor of claim 1, in which the packing is selectedto have an ion exchange capacity from at least about 10 to 100,000 timesmore than the ion exchange capacity of the capillary tubing.
 10. Thesuppressor of claim 1, in which the capillary tubing has a diameterranging from about 5 to 1000 microns.
 11. The suppressor of claim 1, inwhich the capillary tubing has a diameter ranging from about 200 to 600microns.
 12. An ion chromatography system comprising: (a) anelectrolytic suppressor of claim 1; and (b) a capillary chromatographycolumn in fluid communication with the capillary tubing inlet.
 13. Thesystem of claim 12 further comprising: (c) a detector in fluidcommunication with the capillary tubing outlet.
 14. A method forsuppressing ions in capillary chromatography, the method comprising:flowing an aqueous sample stream including separated sample ionicspecies of one charge, positive or negative, in an eluent, through acapillary tubing, the capillary tubing being formed of a permselectiveion exchange membrane and at least partially disposed in an ion exchangepacking; transporting counterions in the eluent of opposite charge tothe sample ionic species across the tubing from an inner tubing wall toan outer tubing wall; flowing an aqueous regenerant liquid through theion exchange packing past the outside of the tubing and to a firstelectrode chamber, the first electrode chamber including: a firstelectrode and a first permselective barrier that separates the firstelectrode chamber from the ion exchange packing; and flowing the aqueousregenerant liquid from the first electrode chamber to a second electrodechamber, the second electrode chamber including: a second electrode anda second permselective barrier that separates the second electrodechamber from the ion exchange packing.
 15. The method of claim 14, inwhich the sample ionic species includes an anionic species, the firstelectrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode, the methodfurther comprising: generating hydronium ions at the anode; andconverting the ion exchange packing to a hydronium form with thegenerated hydronium ions.
 16. The method of claim 14, in which thesample ionic species includes a cationic species, the first electrode isa cathode and the second electrode is an anode, the method furthercomprising: generating hydroxide ions at the cathode; and converting theion exchange packing to a hydroxide form with the generated hydroxideions.
 17. A method for suppressing ions in capillary chromatography, themethod comprising: flowing an aqueous sample stream including separatedsample ionic species of one charge, positive or negative, in an eluent,through a capillary tubing, the capillary tubing being formed of apermselective ion exchange membrane and at least partially disposed inan ion exchange packing; transporting counterions in the eluent ofopposite charge to the sample ionic species across the tubing from aninner tubing wall to an outer tubing wall; exchanging the transportedcounterions with ions on the ion exchange packing immediately adjacentto the outer tubing wall; flowing an aqueous regenerant liquid to afirst electrode chamber, the first electrode chamber including: a firstelectrode and a first permselective barrier that separates the firstelectrode chamber from the ion exchange packing; and flowing the aqueousregenerant liquid from the first electrode chamber to a second electrodechamber, the second electrode chamber including: a second electrode anda second permselective barrier that separates the second electrodechamber from the ion exchange packing.
 18. The method of claim 17, inwhich the sample ionic species includes an anionic species, the methodfurther comprising: intermittently regenerating the ion exchange packingby generating hydronium ions at the first electrode.
 19. The method ofclaim 17, in which the sample ionic species includes a cationic species,the method further comprising: intermittently regenerating the ionexchange packing by generating hydroxide ions at the first electrode.